Class – 10

SST Geography

Chapter – 1

Resources and Development

Notes





 

 

Resource :-

Everything available in our environment that can be used to satisfy our needs, which is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as resources.

 

Types of Resource :-

Resources can be classified in the following ways.

     1.    On the basis of origin.

     2.    On the basis of exhaustibility.

     3.    On the basis of ownership.

     4.    On the basis of status of development.

 

   1.  On the basis of Origin :-

Resources are classified into two types :-

 

A.  Biotic Resources :-

The resources which are obtained from biosphere and contain life are called biotic resources.

Example- Fishes, Plants, Animals etc.

 

B.   Abiotic Resources :-

The resources which are composed of non-living things and do not contain life are called abiotic resources.

Example- Rocks, Water, Air etc.

 

   2.  On the basis of Exhaustibility :-

A.  Renewable Resources :-

The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical and mechanical process are called renewable resources.

Example- Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Geothermal Energy, Biomass Energy etc.

 

B.   Non-renewable Resources :-

The resources that cannot be renewed or reproduced immediately, once they are exhausted they takes millions of years to regenerated are called non-renewable resources.

Example- Petroleum, Coal etc.

 

   3.  On the basis of Ownership :-

A.  Individual Resources :-

The resources which are owned privately by individual are called individual resource.

Example- Private Home, Private Farm etc.

 

B.   Community owned Resources :-

The resources which owned by community or socity are called community owned resources.

Example- Community Parks etc.


C.  National Resources :-

All the resources which are under the  control of state and union government are called National resources.

Example- Gold mines etc.

 

D.  International Resources :-

The resources which are not owned by any specific country which regulated by international institution such resources are called International resources.

 

   4.  On the basis of Development :-

A.  Potential Resource :-

The resources which are found in a region and they have potential to satisfy human needs but their utilization has not been started, such resource are called Potential resource.

Example- Gujarat and Rajasthan have potential for solar and wind energy.

 

B.   Developed Resource :-

The resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity has been determined for utilization and they are currently used by humans, such resources are called Developed resources.

Example- Coal, Petroleum, Iron etc.

 

C.  Stock Resource :-

The resources which have potential to satisfy human needs but there is no appropriate technology to access them.

Example- Extracting H2 and O2 from H2O

 

D.  Reserved Resource :-

The resources which can be utilized with the help of existing technology but we do not use them, because we kept them for future requirements.

Example- River Water.

 

Development of Resource :-

Problem caused by indiscriminate use of resource :-

     1.    Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of a few individuals.

     2.    Accumulation of resources in few hands, which divided society into two segments.

     3.    Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecology crises.

 

Sustainable Development :-

The resources should be used in such a way that our environment is not damaged, and the needs of future  generation are not compromised this is called sustainable development.

 

Rio De Janeiro Summit 1992 :-

    o   The first International Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992.

    o   Reason- Addressing urgent problems of environmental protection and socioeconomic development at the global level.

    o   Result- 1. Accepted global forest principals.

            2. Adopted agenda 21 for sustainable development.

 

Agenda 21 :-

A non-binding voluntarily implemented action plan of the United Nations with regards to sustainable development.

 

Resource Planning :-

It is the widely accepted strategy for the judicious use of resources.

 

Resource Planning in India :-

     1.    Identification and inventory of resources.

   Example- Survey, mapping, checking, measurements etc.


     2.    Evolving a plan Structure.

   Example- Technology, skilled group, institutions etc.

 

     3.    Matching the resources plans with overall development plans.

 

Land Resource :-

    o   Land is very important resource.

    o   Lands are used in agriculture, forestry, home, wildlife etc.

 

Distribution of Landmass of India :-

43% Plain area

30% Mountain

27% Plateau

 

Land Utilization :-

Land resources are used for the following purposes :-

    1.    Forests

    2.    Land not available for cultivation

a.   Barren Land

b.   Land put to non-agriculture

    3.    Other uncultivated land

a.   Grazing land

b.   Land under miscellaneous tree crops

c.    Cultural waste land

     4.    Fallow lands

a.   Current fallow land – Left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year.

b.   Other than current fallow land – left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years.

     5.    Net sown area – Area sown at least once in a year.

     6.    Gross cropped area – Area sown more than a year and area sown at least once in a year.

 

Land degradation and Conservation Measures :-

Land Degradation :-

The decline in the quality of land is known as land degradation.

 

Causes of Land Degradation :-

     1.    Deforestation

     2.    Overgrazing

     3.    Over irrigation

     4.    Cement industries generate huge amount of dust

     5.     Industrial waste

 

Conservation measures of land degradation :-

    1.    Afforestation

    2.    Management of grazing lands

    3.    Proper Irrigation

    4.    Control mining activities

    5.    Treating industrial waste before discharge


Soil as a Resource :-

Soil :-

    o   Soil is a renewable natural resource.

    o   It consists of organic and inorganic material.

    o   Soil provides medium of plant growth.

    o   Living organisms are dependent on the soil.

 

Classification of Soil :-

    1.    Alluvial Soil

    2.    Black Soil

    3.    Red and Yellow soil

    4.    Laterite Soil

    5.    Arid Soil

    6.    Forest Soil

 

   1.   Alluvial Soil :-

    o   It is the most fertile soil.

    o   It is spread over 40% area of India.

    o   Alluvial soil is mostly found in Northern Plains and Coastal Plains in India.

    o   Deposited by Ganga, Brahmaputra and Indus in northern plains and deposited by deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri on Costal areas.

    o   There are two types of Alluvial soil.

a.    Old Alluvium (Banger)

b.    New Alluvium (Khaddar)

    o   It present fine particles of sand, silt and clay.

    o   It has adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime.

    o   It is ideal for the growth of wheat, paddy, sugarcane etc.

 

    2.   Black Soil :-

    o   Also called regur soil.

    o   This soil is best for growing cotton that is why it is also called cotton soil.

    o   This soil is formed for the weathering of igneous rocks.

    o   This soil is formed from the weathering of igneous rocks.

    o   It is found mostly in Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh region.

    o   Black soil can hold the moisture for a long time.

    o   It contains good amount of calcium carbonate, potassium, magnesium and lime present.

 

   3.   Red and Yellow Soil :-

    o   Looks red due to diffusion of iron.

    o   Looks yellow in hydrated form.

    o   Derived from the weathering of crystalline igneous rock in areas of low rainfall.

    o   Found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and southern and eastern part of Deccan plateau.

 

   4.   Laterite Soil :-

    o   It is found in areas with high rainfall and high temperature.

    o   This soil is less fertile because its top most layer gets washed away due to leaching.

    o   Very less amount of Humus content is present.

    o   Found in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.

 

   5.   Arid Soil :-

    o   Found in areas with scanty rainfall.

    o   The color of this soil is red to brown.

    o   Sandy in texture and saline in nature.

    o   Due to high temperature soil lacks in humus and moisture.

    o   The lower layer of the soil is occupied by Kankar because increasing calcium content downwards.

    o   Found in western Rajasthan.

 

   6.   Forest Soil :-

    o   Found in hilly and mountainous areas, where sufficient rainfall is available.

    o   This soil found in Himalayan region, Western and Eastern Ghats and some part of Peninsula is found in India.

    o   Soil is loamy and silt in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.

    o   This soil is rich is humus, but poor in potash, phosphorus and lime.

 

Soil erosion and Soil Conservation :-

Soil Erosion :-

    o   The removal of top most fertile layer of soil is called soil erosion.

    o   Soil erosion leads to loss of soil fertility.

 

Types of Soil Erosion :-

    1.    Gullies

    2.    Sheet Erosion

    3.    Wind Erosion

 

Soil Conservation :-

    1.    Contour ploughing

    2.    Terrace farming

    3.    Strip cropping

    4.    Shelter belts